Linux'ta Diskler Hakkında Bilgi Almak
Linux'ta sistem bilgilerini edinmek için kullanabileceğiniz pek çok araç mevcut. Bu yazıda, "diskler (HDD, SSD)" hakkında bilgi almak için kullanılabilecek bazı komutları inceleyeceğiz.
fdisk -l
fdisk -l komutu ile, sisteminizdeki diskleri ve bu disklerin partition bilgilerini listeleyebilirsiniz. Bu komut, "root" yetkileri gerektirir:
fdisk -l
[root@gnuadmin ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 26.8 GB, 26843545600 bytes, 52428800 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000940fd
Aygıt Açılış Başlangıç Bitiş BlokSayısı Kml Sistem
/dev/vda1 * 2048 52428766 26213359+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 0 MB, 477184 bytes, 932 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
parted
parted programının "print" opsiyonu ile, diskleriniz ve disklerinizin partition'ları hakkında bilgi alabilirsiniz. Bu komut, "root" yetkileri gerektirir:
parted print all
ali@zion:~$ sudo parted
GNU Parted 3.3
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print all
Model: ATA TOSHIBA-TR200 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 480GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 538MB 537MB fat32 EFI System Partition boot, esp
2 538MB 480GB 480GB lvm
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/vgubuntu-swap_1: 1028MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 1028MB 1028MB linux-swap(v1)
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/vgubuntu-root: 479GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 479GB 479GB ext4
lsblk
lsblk komutu ile, sisteminizdeki blok aygıtlarını listeleyebilirsiniz:
lsblk
ali@gnuadmin:~$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
|-sda1 8:1 0 487M 0 part /boot
|-sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
`-sda5 8:5 0 29.5G 0 part
|-debian--vg-root 254:0 0 28.6G 0 lvm /
`-debian--vg-swap_1 254:1 0 980M 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
|-sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
|-sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
`-sdb3 8:19 0 6G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
lsblk komutunun, çıktılarınızı özelleştirmenizi sağlayacak birçok opsiyonu bulunmaktadır. Aşağıdaki örnekte; partition'lar üzerindeki dosya sistemlerini (-f), ağaç yapısı olmadan (-l) ve aygıtların tam yolunu gösterecek şekilde (-p) bir listeleme yapılmıştır:
lsblk opsiyonları
ali@gnuadmin:~$ lsblk -flp
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINT
/dev/sda
/dev/sda1 ext2 1.0 986a4295-b3a9-4afb-8f01-40e9b1c42c2c 384.5M 13% /boot
/dev/sda2
/dev/sda5 LVM2_member LVM2 001 hdI0w3-jztQ-fWrB-y8Do-inaY-UO0e-NpfRZY
/dev/sdb
/dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb2
/dev/sdb3
/dev/sr0
/dev/mapper/debian--vg-root ext4 1.0 9d80b4d6-b4a8-4801-ad93-fd9458f1d84e 22.4G 15% /
/dev/mapper/debian--vg-swap_1 swap 1 ae4371ea-31db-4bb7-8927-8b4053d44036 [SWAP]
Linux'ta Disk Hakkında Detaylı Bilgi Alma
Eğer yukarıdaki komutların sağladığından daha fazla teknik bilgiye ihtiyacınız varsa, smartctl komutu size yardımcı olabilir. smartctl programı, Debian tabanlı sistemlerde, smartmontools paketi ile gelmektedir. smartctl, "root" yetkileri gerektirmektedir:
smartctl -a
ali@zion:~$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.13.0-40-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: TOSHIBA-TR200
Serial Number: 49JB8006KBSN
LU WWN Device Id: 5 8ce38e c01206376
Firmware Version: SBFA15.2
User Capacity: 480,103,981,056 bytes [480 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-4 (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is: SATA 3.2, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu May 12 19:18:06 2022 +03
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 30) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x00) Offline data collection not supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10573
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1912
167 Unknown_Attribute 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
168 Unknown_Attribute 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
169 Unknown_Attribute 0x0003 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
173 Unknown_Attribute 0x0012 187 187 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 122
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0023 071 053 020 Pre-fail Always - 29 (Min/Max 13/47)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 353920
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
Selective Self-tests/Logging not supported
Linux'ta Disklerin UUID Bilgilerini Alma
blkid komutunu kullanarak, blok aygıtlarınızın özelliklerini listeleyebilirsiniz:
blkid
ali@gnuadmin:~$ sudo blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="986a4295-b3a9-4afb-8f01-40e9b1c42c2c" BLOCK_SIZE="1024" TYPE="ext2" PARTUUID="a422b442-01"
/dev/sda5: UUID="hdI0w3-jztQ-fWrB-y8Do-inaY-UO0e-NpfRZY" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="a422b442-05"
/dev/mapper/debian--vg-root: UUID="9d80b4d6-b4a8-4801-ad93-fd9458f1d84e" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/mapper/debian--vg-swap_1: UUID="ae4371ea-31db-4bb7-8927-8b4053d44036" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdb1: PARTUUID="830a162b-01"
/dev/sdb2: PARTUUID="830a162b-02"
/dev/sdb3: PARTUUID="830a162b-03"